{"id":1171,"date":"2021-12-22T15:31:53","date_gmt":"2021-12-22T14:31:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/marine-oceans.com\/en\/?p=1171"},"modified":"2022-04-03T14:24:31","modified_gmt":"2022-04-03T12:24:31","slug":"energy-transition-the-promise-of-hydrogen","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/marine-oceans.com\/en\/energy-transition-the-promise-of-hydrogen\/","title":{"rendered":"Energy transition: the promise of hydrogen (by Philippe Berterotti\u00e8re)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

The shipping industry must complete its transformation into a clean mode of transport by eliminating C02 emissions. Hydrogen appears to be a promising way. Explanations.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

By Philippe Berterotti\u00e8re,<\/span> Gaztransport and Technigaz (GTT)<\/span><\/a> CEO<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

The shipping industry is increasingly being challenged about its emissions. It is important to remember that maritime transport <\/span>accounts for 80% of shipping needs but only for 2.6% of global emissions. But the persistent vision of the black plume of traditional fuels still suggests that shipping is a very polluting <\/span>mode of transport and is therefore urged to significantly <\/span>reduce its emissions.<\/span><\/p>\n

In 2021, the surge in orders for LNG (liquefied natural gas) <\/span>powered ships will have demonstrated that this fuel is the only <\/span>solution for the coming decades as it eliminates a large number <\/span>of highly damaging pollutants (sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxides <\/span>and fine particles) while significantly reducing CO2 emissions. <\/span>But charterers and shipowners are already thinking about the <\/span>next step: how to completely eliminate CO2 emissions? Various <\/span>options are being explored: synthetic LNG or synthetic <\/span>methanol, which would make carbon neutrality possible; green <\/span>ammonia, whose combustion does not generate CO2 (but nitrous <\/span>oxide, otherwise known as “laughing gas”<\/em>, a gas whose <\/span>greenhouse effect is 300 times greater than CO2). Hydrogen is <\/span>also mentioned. In concrete terms, what is the situation today <\/span>and what are the remaining barriers to overcome?<\/span><\/p>\n

THE PEM ELECTROLYSIS TECHNOLOGY<\/span><\/strong><\/h1>\n

Today, the production of a ton of hydrogen generates about <\/span>10 tons of CO2. In other words, the current production of hydrogen <\/span>is one of the most polluting activities, generating about <\/span>as much CO2 as maritime transport itself! Hydrogen for a <\/span>greener maritime transport must therefore be produced through <\/span>electrolysis of water using so-called “green”<\/em> electricity, obtained <\/span>from renewable energy sources. As the electrolysis operation <\/span>requires a lot of electricity, the competitiveness of green <\/span>hydrogen depends on the cost of electricity on the one hand <\/span>and the efficiency of the electrolyser on the other. Today, the <\/span>only French company producing viable electrolysers in France, <\/span>Elogen, is dedicating its R&D to this race for efficiency. Using <\/span>the PEM (Proton Exchange Membrane) electrolysis technology, <\/span>Elogen adopts a proven technology that still has great <\/span>potential for improvement.<\/span><\/p>\n

Once this production of green hydrogen is ensured, we still <\/span>have a gas with a low energy density: in a given volume, <\/span>the amount of energy is low, much lower than with current <\/span>fuels. This is the reason why compressed hydrogen is used for <\/span>short-distance activities: coastal shipping, ferries, tugs, yachts, <\/span>etc.<\/span><\/p>\n

The Compagnie Maritime Belge (CMB) was the first to use <\/span>hydrogen as a fuel. Rather than using it to power a fuel cell, <\/span>CMB instead chose to directly use hydrogen to power an internal <\/span>combustion engine. A clever idea, since the fuel cell\/<\/span>electric motor combination is infinitely more expensive than <\/span>an internal combustion engine and off ers much less torque. <\/span>The possibility of converting to hydrogen for ships, on short <\/span>distances, and with a capacity to refuel frequently, thus looks <\/span>quite realistic for the near future.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cROCKET SCIENCE\u201d<\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/h1>\n

Hydrogen can also be liquefied at a temperature of -253\u00b0C, <\/span>very close to absolute zero, dividing its volume by 800. For <\/span>the same amount of energy, a liquid hydrogen tank would <\/span>be twice as large as a liquid natural gas tank. Today, rockets <\/span>constitute one of the few industrial applications of liquid hydrogen <\/span>fuel. The tank filling operations are particularly complex <\/span>and there is no desire to make them even more delicate <\/span>by adding insulation. <\/span>Transferring space technologies, or “rocket science”<\/em> as the <\/span>Americans would say, to the maritime industry while adding <\/span>the insulation component is a challenge that will require time <\/span>to be resolved, and on which GTT is already working.<\/span><\/p>\n

The race for clean energy means that electricity production <\/span>can be envisaged in areas where wind or sunshine conditions <\/span>are very favourable, on the open sea with floating wind farms <\/span>(in order to maximise the load factors of the wind turbines) or <\/span>on the most appropriate latitudes for solar energy. <\/span>But this energy will then have to be redirected to high <\/span>consumption areas, something that electricity, for both technical <\/span>and cost reasons, cannot provide. This is why hydrogen <\/span>produced through water electrolysis is being considered as an <\/span>option. As regards solar energy, the only thing to do would <\/span>just consist in liquefying hydrogen and then transport it using <\/span>hydrogen tankers.<\/span><\/p>\n

This is something that GTT, which has been developing LNG <\/span>tanker technologies for sixty years, is following very closely. <\/span>In the case of off shore wind power, it is necessary to be able <\/span>to generate hydrogen immediately, possibly at the base of the <\/span>tower itself, using very compact electrolysers, which is possible <\/span>with PEM technology. The hydrogen will then be collected <\/span>by pipes or ships.<\/span><\/p>\n

AT THE CORE OF THE ENERGY <\/span>TRANSITION PROCESS<\/span><\/strong><\/h1>\n

Talking about synthetic methanol or synthetic LNG as marine <\/span>fuels for the future implies the capacity to produce large <\/span>quantities of green hydrogen and then combine it with captured <\/span>CO2 to produce these well-known but now green molecules. <\/span>The solution is attractive, but its implementation is <\/span>more complex: a lot of green hydrogen is needed, CO2 must <\/span>be captured, and the result of the combination must be affordable <\/span>in order to make maritime transport competitive with <\/span>other means of transport. Clearly, the hydrogen technology <\/span>is likely to become a reality for the maritime industry, for <\/span>short distances when used as a fuel, and for energy transport <\/span>on long distances in the form of liquid hydrogen. These <\/span>perspectives are at the core of the energy transition process <\/span>and France has undeniable assets to take up the technological <\/span>challenges, and notably the expertise in technologies for <\/span>the maritime transport of cryogenic liquids and the advanced <\/span>technologies for electrolysis (which have been operational <\/span>on nuclear submarines for several decades). European and <\/span>French ambitions in hydrogen should reinforce these assets, <\/span>for our country and even more for the planet.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1206,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"tdm_status":"","tdm_grid_status":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[40,230],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-1171","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-economy","8":"category-free-articles-from-previous-issues"},"yoast_head":"\nEnergy transition: the promise of hydrogen (by Philippe Berterotti\u00e8re) - Marine & Oceans EN<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/marine-oceans.com\/en\/energy-transition-the-promise-of-hydrogen\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Energy transition: the promise of hydrogen (by Philippe Berterotti\u00e8re) - Marine & Oceans EN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/marine-oceans.com\/en\/energy-transition-the-promise-of-hydrogen\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Marine & Oceans EN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:author\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/MarineOceans\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2021-12-22T14:31:53+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-04-03T12:24:31+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/marine-oceans.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/12\/HYDROGENE-GTT-scaled.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"2560\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1252\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Marine & Oceans\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@https:\/\/twitter.com\/MarineOceans\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Marine & Oceans\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/marine-oceans.com\\\/en\\\/energy-transition-the-promise-of-hydrogen\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/marine-oceans.com\\\/en\\\/energy-transition-the-promise-of-hydrogen\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Marine & Oceans\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/marine-oceans.com\\\/en\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/e0465f080093f32d01ff3c75c475dbac\"},\"headline\":\"Energy transition: the promise of hydrogen (by Philippe Berterotti\u00e8re)\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-12-22T14:31:53+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-04-03T12:24:31+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/marine-oceans.com\\\/en\\\/energy-transition-the-promise-of-hydrogen\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":991,\"commentCount\":0,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/marine-oceans.com\\\/en\\\/energy-transition-the-promise-of-hydrogen\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/marine-oceans.com\\\/en\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/3\\\/2021\\\/12\\\/HYDROGENE-GTT-scaled.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"ECONOMY\",\"Free articles from previous issues\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/marine-oceans.com\\\/en\\\/energy-transition-the-promise-of-hydrogen\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/marine-oceans.com\\\/en\\\/energy-transition-the-promise-of-hydrogen\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/marine-oceans.com\\\/en\\\/energy-transition-the-promise-of-hydrogen\\\/\",\"name\":\"Energy transition: the promise of hydrogen (by Philippe Berterotti\u00e8re) - Marine & Oceans EN\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/marine-oceans.com\\\/en\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/marine-oceans.com\\\/en\\\/energy-transition-the-promise-of-hydrogen\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/marine-oceans.com\\\/en\\\/energy-transition-the-promise-of-hydrogen\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/marine-oceans.com\\\/en\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/3\\\/2021\\\/12\\\/HYDROGENE-GTT-scaled.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-12-22T14:31:53+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-04-03T12:24:31+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/marine-oceans.com\\\/en\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/e0465f080093f32d01ff3c75c475dbac\"},\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/marine-oceans.com\\\/en\\\/energy-transition-the-promise-of-hydrogen\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/marine-oceans.com\\\/en\\\/energy-transition-the-promise-of-hydrogen\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/marine-oceans.com\\\/en\\\/energy-transition-the-promise-of-hydrogen\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/marine-oceans.com\\\/en\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/3\\\/2021\\\/12\\\/HYDROGENE-GTT-scaled.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/marine-oceans.com\\\/en\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/3\\\/2021\\\/12\\\/HYDROGENE-GTT-scaled.jpg\",\"width\":2560,\"height\":1252},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/marine-oceans.com\\\/en\\\/energy-transition-the-promise-of-hydrogen\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Accueil\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/marine-oceans.com\\\/en\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Energy transition: the promise of hydrogen (by Philippe Berterotti\u00e8re)\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/marine-oceans.com\\\/en\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/marine-oceans.com\\\/en\\\/\",\"name\":\"Marine & Oceans EN\",\"description\":\"Un site de MARINE & OC\u00c9ANS\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/marine-oceans.com\\\/en\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/marine-oceans.com\\\/en\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/e0465f080093f32d01ff3c75c475dbac\",\"name\":\"Marine & Oceans\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/fea0d6d71c67bc9525e135e53acbe56624fe8d35aadadfde25e4834af8488d5c?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/fea0d6d71c67bc9525e135e53acbe56624fe8d35aadadfde25e4834af8488d5c?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/fea0d6d71c67bc9525e135e53acbe56624fe8d35aadadfde25e4834af8488d5c?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Marine & Oceans\"},\"description\":\"La revue trimestrielle MARINE & OC\u00c9ANS est \u00e9dit\u00e9e par la \\\"Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nouvelle des \u00c9ditions Marine et Oc\u00e9ans\\\". Elle a pour objectif de sensibiliser le grand public aux principaux enjeux g\u00e9opolitiques, \u00e9conomiques et environnementaux des mers et des oc\u00e9ans. Informer et expliquer sont les ma\u00eetres mots des contenus propos\u00e9s destin\u00e9s \u00e0 favoriser la compr\u00e9hension d\u2019un milieu fragile. \u00a0 M\u00eame si plus de 90% des \u00e9changes se font par voies maritimes, les mers et les oc\u00e9ans ne sont pas d\u00e9di\u00e9s qu'aux \u00e9changes. Les ressources qu'ils rec\u00e8lent sont \u00e0 l'origine de nouvelles ambitions et, peut-\u00eatre demain, de nouvelles confrontations.\",\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.facebook.com\\\/MarineOceans\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.instagram.com\\\/marineetoceans\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.linkedin.com\\\/company\\\/marine-ocans-magazine\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/x.com\\\/https:\\\/\\\/twitter.com\\\/MarineOceans\"],\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/marine-oceans.com\\\/en\\\/author\\\/marine-oceans\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Energy transition: the promise of hydrogen (by Philippe Berterotti\u00e8re) - Marine & Oceans EN","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/marine-oceans.com\/en\/energy-transition-the-promise-of-hydrogen\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Energy transition: the promise of hydrogen (by Philippe Berterotti\u00e8re) - Marine & Oceans EN","og_url":"https:\/\/marine-oceans.com\/en\/energy-transition-the-promise-of-hydrogen\/","og_site_name":"Marine & Oceans EN","article_author":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/MarineOceans","article_published_time":"2021-12-22T14:31:53+00:00","article_modified_time":"2022-04-03T12:24:31+00:00","og_image":[{"width":2560,"height":1252,"url":"https:\/\/marine-oceans.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/12\/HYDROGENE-GTT-scaled.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"Marine & Oceans","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@https:\/\/twitter.com\/MarineOceans","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Marine & Oceans","Est. reading time":"5 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/marine-oceans.com\/en\/energy-transition-the-promise-of-hydrogen\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/marine-oceans.com\/en\/energy-transition-the-promise-of-hydrogen\/"},"author":{"name":"Marine & Oceans","@id":"https:\/\/marine-oceans.com\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/e0465f080093f32d01ff3c75c475dbac"},"headline":"Energy transition: the promise of hydrogen (by Philippe Berterotti\u00e8re)","datePublished":"2021-12-22T14:31:53+00:00","dateModified":"2022-04-03T12:24:31+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/marine-oceans.com\/en\/energy-transition-the-promise-of-hydrogen\/"},"wordCount":991,"commentCount":0,"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/marine-oceans.com\/en\/energy-transition-the-promise-of-hydrogen\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/marine-oceans.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/12\/HYDROGENE-GTT-scaled.jpg","articleSection":["ECONOMY","Free articles from previous issues"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/marine-oceans.com\/en\/energy-transition-the-promise-of-hydrogen\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/marine-oceans.com\/en\/energy-transition-the-promise-of-hydrogen\/","url":"https:\/\/marine-oceans.com\/en\/energy-transition-the-promise-of-hydrogen\/","name":"Energy transition: the promise of hydrogen (by Philippe Berterotti\u00e8re) - Marine & Oceans EN","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/marine-oceans.com\/en\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/marine-oceans.com\/en\/energy-transition-the-promise-of-hydrogen\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/marine-oceans.com\/en\/energy-transition-the-promise-of-hydrogen\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/marine-oceans.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/12\/HYDROGENE-GTT-scaled.jpg","datePublished":"2021-12-22T14:31:53+00:00","dateModified":"2022-04-03T12:24:31+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/marine-oceans.com\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/e0465f080093f32d01ff3c75c475dbac"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/marine-oceans.com\/en\/energy-transition-the-promise-of-hydrogen\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/marine-oceans.com\/en\/energy-transition-the-promise-of-hydrogen\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/marine-oceans.com\/en\/energy-transition-the-promise-of-hydrogen\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/marine-oceans.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/12\/HYDROGENE-GTT-scaled.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/marine-oceans.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2021\/12\/HYDROGENE-GTT-scaled.jpg","width":2560,"height":1252},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/marine-oceans.com\/en\/energy-transition-the-promise-of-hydrogen\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Accueil","item":"https:\/\/marine-oceans.com\/en\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Energy transition: the promise of hydrogen (by Philippe Berterotti\u00e8re)"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/marine-oceans.com\/en\/#website","url":"https:\/\/marine-oceans.com\/en\/","name":"Marine & Oceans EN","description":"Un site de MARINE & OC\u00c9ANS","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/marine-oceans.com\/en\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/marine-oceans.com\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/e0465f080093f32d01ff3c75c475dbac","name":"Marine & Oceans","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/fea0d6d71c67bc9525e135e53acbe56624fe8d35aadadfde25e4834af8488d5c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/fea0d6d71c67bc9525e135e53acbe56624fe8d35aadadfde25e4834af8488d5c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/fea0d6d71c67bc9525e135e53acbe56624fe8d35aadadfde25e4834af8488d5c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Marine & Oceans"},"description":"La revue trimestrielle MARINE & OC\u00c9ANS est \u00e9dit\u00e9e par la \"Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nouvelle des \u00c9ditions Marine et Oc\u00e9ans\". Elle a pour objectif de sensibiliser le grand public aux principaux enjeux g\u00e9opolitiques, \u00e9conomiques et environnementaux des mers et des oc\u00e9ans. Informer et expliquer sont les ma\u00eetres mots des contenus propos\u00e9s destin\u00e9s \u00e0 favoriser la compr\u00e9hension d\u2019un milieu fragile. \u00a0 M\u00eame si plus de 90% des \u00e9changes se font par voies maritimes, les mers et les oc\u00e9ans ne sont pas d\u00e9di\u00e9s qu'aux \u00e9changes. Les ressources qu'ils rec\u00e8lent sont \u00e0 l'origine de nouvelles ambitions et, peut-\u00eatre demain, de nouvelles confrontations.","sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/MarineOceans","https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/marineetoceans\/","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/marine-ocans-magazine\/","https:\/\/x.com\/https:\/\/twitter.com\/MarineOceans"],"url":"https:\/\/marine-oceans.com\/en\/author\/marine-oceans\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/marine-oceans.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1171","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/marine-oceans.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/marine-oceans.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marine-oceans.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marine-oceans.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1171"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/marine-oceans.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1171\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1209,"href":"https:\/\/marine-oceans.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1171\/revisions\/1209"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marine-oceans.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1206"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/marine-oceans.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1171"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marine-oceans.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1171"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marine-oceans.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1171"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}